Since the verbs of (لیس) and (لایکون) have similar use and play an important role in Arabic grammar, it was useful to study both and discuss about their functions. Following the discussion we found that there is five different functions for (لیس): first, it is an imperfect verb, (that give the noun an nominative case and the comment an objective case) Arabic grammar experts disagree if it has a verb function or a noun one. Second, as exceptive particles with maintenance its verb function (give the noun an nominative case and the comment an objective case) that here comment is an except. Third, it is used as a conjunction that make negative sentence. Forth, it has a negative function that means (Ma). Fifth, it can also be used as a conjugated perfect verb that was not common place in Arabic grammar books, but we mentioned that function according to khalil Ebn Ahmad Alfarahidi.Quoting the reasons of grammarians about if it has a verb function or a noun function, we have concluded the discussion. We also identified the functions of (لایکون): First, it is applying as a conjugated verb. Second, it apply as an exceptive particle, as it is a non-derivative verb that its comment is an except. We hope that paper be useful in Arabic grammar.

Nanoparticles with a wide range of unique features have been allocated many applications in the field of nanotechnology. Their special properties and their interaction with biological molecules have grabbed the attention of many researchers. These particles, because of their small size and unique characteristics, can be used in various fields, especially the life sciences. Because the lack of any logical model of nanoparticle and biomolecule interaction, their properties and influences on the environment have been evaluated using various separate and non-comparable studies. Nanoparticles interact with plants, animals, and humans and have various and essential impacts on them and these should be considered. The aim of this article is to conduct a morphological and proteomic study of the interaction of biomolecular, bacterial and plant models with silver nanoparticles. The findings are associated with trypsin and human blood serum albumin (as a molecular model), Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus Thurigiensis (as bacterial models) and Oryza sativa L. (rice) as a plant model.

Controlling the path of drugs movement is one of the processes that can effectively aid in treating a variety of diseases. For example, in chemotherapy, a small fraction of a drug is delivered to cancer cells and other amounts can cause destruction of healthy tissues of body, as a result, before destruction of tumors, the body might be destroyed. Hence tumors cannot be removed from the body completely. If it is possible to control the path of drugs, tumors could be removed with the least injury. One of the ways through which movement of the drugs could be controlled is Magnetic Drug Targeting (MDT). In this project, movement of magnetic particles and their interactions would be inspected in the blood with consideration of a constant magnetic field gradient. After introduction of governing equations and presenting a good model for the forces between particles, these processes are be simulated in the Fluent software. The model that is used is a vein with 8 mm diameter. The simulation was done from the time of injection over an 8 cm length of the vein. The base fluid is blood which is considered as a non-Newtonian fluid. Distribution of magnetic particles in the base fluid has been governed by multiphase approach. Simulation results show that residence time of the drug in the presence of magnetic field increases, which in turn increases the possibility of drug absorption.

In recent years, many studies have been done to fabricate super hydrophobic surfaces. These surfaces have slip condition which causes self-cleaning property and also drag reduction. The hierarchical micro/nanostructures which are coated with a low surface energy material are needed to fabricate high static contact angle super hydrophobic surfaces. In order to have thermal stability, chemical resistance and low surface energy Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) is used in this research. To produce the super hydrophobic surface, an appropriate layer of Teflon is coated on the aluminum substrate and the micron sized aluminum particles are deposited on the Teflon layer by fluidizing method. Then to reduce surface energy, the second Teflon layer is sprayed on the top of the aluminum particles. At the end, using sprayed method the hydrophobic nanoparticles of silica are deposited on the surface as a final hydrophobic layer. The effect of Teflon thickness, size of micro-particles and addition of hydrophobic nano-particles are investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the cured surfaces show that application of micro particles prevents the surface from being smooth after curing, creates appropriate micro-scale structures and also causes micro-scale cracks compared to smooth Teflon surfaces. The creation of these micro-structures leads to increasing static contact angle and decreasing dynamic angle of surfaces. By modifying the surface structures with aluminum micro-particles, Teflon layer coat and subsequent deposition of hydrophobic silica nano-particles, static contact angle of 165±3o and dynamic angle of less than 7 degrees are achieved.

At the present work, we used the RESOLV (rapid expansion of supercritical solution in to the liquid solvent) method in order to drug nano-particles formation with high solubility rate. This method is specially recommended for producing the biologics, drugs and food material nano-particles because of the middle operational condition. Spraying the supercritical solution into a high dense environment causes fine and uniform paricels formation. Investigation of the jet receiver liquid conditions effects on the formed particles physical properties, is the main goal at this study. Results showed that if the receiver liquid temperature adjusted at below 10°C, non-uniform and crystalline particles whitouth any considerable solubility rate achivment. Apart from the loquid temperature, using a polymeric solution as the receiving liquid affects on the particles properties. The model component at this work is iIbuprofen that is a anti-inflammatory and analgestic drug that always used orally. Decreasing the particles size causes increasing mean particle area and solubility consequently. CO2 which is a reasonable, available, non-flameable and non-toxic gas, with middle supercritical point condition (72 bar and 31.1°C) was used as the supercritical fluid.

Silver nano-sized particles were synthesized with strong antifungal activity against the wood staining fungi Ophiostoma flexuosum, O. tetropii, O. polonicum and O. ips. The average size and purity of the nano-sized particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy and XRD spectra, respectively. The structural characterizations of nano-sized particles were performed using IR spectrum and EDS. Radial diffusion method was carried out to reveal the antifungal activity of silver nano-sized particles on MEA agar plates. Strong fungicidal silver nano-sized particles were mixed with chitosan solution and then the chitosan membrane was prepared by solvent evaporation method. Glutaraldehyde was used as cross-linking agent for membrane preparation. Deacetylation degree, concentration and pH of chitosan were considered as a main factor for preparation of bioactive membrane. The quality and structure of membranes were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermostability of the membranes was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. Synthesized chitosan-glutaraldehyde-Ag membrane was tested against the wood staining fungi on MEA agar plates using inhibition zone method. The results showed that the antifungal activity of chitosan membrane increased with increasing in concentration of silver nano-sized particles. According to our results, synthesized chitosan membrane has been used as a good carrier for silver nano-sized particles in wood industries and these materials could be very efficient substitutions for chemical preservatives currently used to control fungal contamination in wood industries.

In this paper, we investigate the effect of solar corona magnetic activities during 11-year periods and energetic particles on global warming. According to atmospheric changes during the past years, the relationship between these two issues should be investigated. How the activities of the solar corona affect the average temperature of the Earth and also the increase in its temperature, have been the attention of researchers in recent years. For this purpose, we use the source of data recorded from the momentary position of the Sun in reliable sites, as well as information recorded from the flow of cosmic particles on the surface of the Earth by the GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) detector, which belongs to the NASA space agency. Solar activity affects the Earth's geomagnetic field and creates a geoelectric field on the Earth's surface. This phenomenon can affect technological systems, such as power grids, oil and gas pipelines, and railway systems, leading to damage to power grids, equipment, line breaks, and even blackouts. Results of this study show that there is a significant relationship between the magnetic activities of the Sun in 11-year cycles and the temperature of the Earth, which can be considered an essential parameter in predicting many crises and climate changes on the Earth's surface. Our results also indicated that changes in the number of sunspots and cosmic particles are inversely to each other.